Nature and human beauty by William Shakespeare in Sonnet 18 and 21

Nature and Human Beauty by William Shakespeare
In Sonnet 18 and 21
Antonia Junianty Laratmase
04300552

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study to see how the poet reformulate poet related. This analysis nature related to human beauty in sonnet 18 and 21 by William Shakespeare, because Shakespeare sonnet are more mostly talking about nature and human beauty, however it is not easy to identify and to comprehend his Idea of nature and human beauty.
In analyzing this sonnet, the writer uses qualitative research since the data are in form of words. The data collect from the primary source that is sonnet itself and the secondary sources are some book and references that related with the study. In analyzing the writer uses objective approach in sonnet 18 and 21, because in analysis Shakespeare uses figurative language to compare nature and human beauty.
The result shows in sonnet 18 and 21 many things about nature and Shakespeare uses figurative language in the sonnets. So this here, in sonnet 18 and 21 Shakespeare uses figurative language especially metaphor and personification to relate nature and human beauty.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPOVEL SHEET
MOTTO AND DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………….
1.1. Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………. 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………
1.3. Reason for Choosing the Topic ……………………………………………..
1.4. Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………………..
1.5. Research Question………………………………………………………………………………
1.6. Delimitation of the Study…………………………………………………………
1.7. Definitions of Terms………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………………………………..
2.1. The Renaissance……………………………………………………………………………………..
2.2. The biography of William Shakespeare
and his work …………………………………………………………………………………….
2.3. Shakespeare’s Sonnet……………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………
3.1. Design Methodology……………………………………………………………………
3.2. Data Collection……………………………………………………………………………..
3.3. Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.1. Nature and Human Beauty in sonnet 18…………………………..
4.2. Nature and Human Beauty in sonnet 21……………………………….
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……………………………………………………………
• Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
• Suggestion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Sonnet 18………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Sonnet 21………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study
William Shakespeare is an English poet and playwright who have a reputation as one of the greatest of all writers in the English and in Western literature. As playwright, he wrote some interesting plays historical tragedy, comedy, and romance tragedy.
Without questioning Shakespeare was the most popular playwright and poet of his time and his dramatic sonnets influenced and brought Britain to Renaissance. He was still evident today, and the sonnet form was so very popular in Shakespeare's era.
Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets. And each sonnet has its own meaning. At the first time, he wrote sonnets 1 until sonnet 26. Since clearly he wrote the sonnets, his sonnet usually addressed to the youth whom the poet describes as “beauty rose “and often refers to as “my love”. Shakespeare clearly defined his love for the youth. And then he finished his sonnets until 154 sonnets. So, William Shakespeare composed 154 sonnets in his lifetime. He is noted as being the first writer to be commemorated at Westminster Abbey’s. Shakespeare’s personal life was strongly reflected in his sonnets.
Shakespeare's sonnets can be divided into different sections, numerous ways. The most apparent division involves Sonnets 1–126, in which the poet strikes up a relationship with a young man, and Sonnets 127–154, which are concerned with the poet's relationship with a woman, variously referred to as the Dark Lady, or as his mistress.
Sonnets 18 and 21 portray human beauty that has the feeling of love, and romantic life experience. In his sonnets 18 and 21, the human beauty became the central theme. In Sonnet 21, when the youth appears to reject this argument for procreation, the poet glories in the youth beauty and takes consolation in the fact that his sonnets will preserve the youth's beauty. (http://www.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.com)
Human beauty is the appearance of things and people that are good, so human beauty is something in the eye of the beholder. In the first large division, sonnets 1-126, the poet addresses an alluring of the youth with whom he has struck up a relationship. In Sonnets 1–17, he tries to convince the handsome young man to marry and beget children so that the youth's incredible beauty will not die when the youth dies. By Sonnet 26, perhaps becoming more attached to the young man than he originally intended. (http://www.Shakespeare sonnet.com)
Human beauty and nature are in the eye of the beholder and thinker that beauty varies by race, culture or era. In sonnet 18 and 21 described nature and human beauty. And Shakespeare used nature for describing human beauty and nature, so beauty and nature are parts human beauty.
In the sonnet 18 and 21 the writer finds out many things about nature and human beauty, because in this sonnet Shakespeare use nature to compare human beauty. And the reason for choosing this sonnet because of the writers interested in analyzing the nature and human beauty. And in sonnet 18 and 21 the writer finds out many things about nature and the writer compares with human beauty and then uses figurative language.
Nature and human beauty are very important to be analyzed, because nature and human beauty have a close relationship. Thus, it is important for the writer to identify and analyze the nature and human beauty So, here the writer tries to understand the meaning of the sonnets and cause of that the writer wants to analyze the sonnets. These sonnets which are writer by author relate to nature and human beauty.

1.2. Statement of the Problem
Shakespeare’s sonnets are mostly talking about nature and human beauty. It has been stated in the previous section that people view nature and human beauty differently. Shakespeare also has his nature and human beauty at the sonnet 18 and 21. It means that Shakespeare’s nature and human beauty perhaps different from others. However it is not easy to identify and to comprehend his ideas of nature and human beauty. It is a problem for some readers. Dealing with this matter, the writer intends to conduct this literary research.
1.3. The Reason for Choosing the Topic
The reason for choosing the topic:
1. Sonnets are one of literary works.
2. William Shakespeare is a very well-known author in the world. He also a legend of English literary work.
3. Shakespeare discussed much about nature and human beauty in his works, especially in Sonnets 18 and 21.
4. Nature and Human Beauty are part of the most discussed issues in the world.

1.4. Purpose of the Study
Based on the research question, the purpose of the study is to reveal nature and human beauty by William Shakespeare’s in sonnet 18 and 21.

1.5. The Delimitation of the Study
In carrying out this research, the writer limits the study on the analysis of nature and human beauty especially revealed in Shakespeare’s sonnets 18 and 21.

1.6. Research Question
How is nature related to human beauty in sonnets 18 and 21?

1.7. The Significant of the Study
1. Application
The research that is made can be useful for the other students or lecturer in boarding their knowledge about this sonnet.
2. Implication
The writer hopes, the result of this study could give motivation to everyone (reader) to understand development and appreciate such literary work.

1.8. Definition of Terms
Sonnet: 14-line poem that rhymes in a particular pattern.
Sonnet: A poem normally of fourteen lines in any of several fixed verse and rhyme schemes, typically in rhymed iambic pentameter: sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. (Webster's New World College Dictionary)
Human : showing the better qualities of people, kind. (Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary).
Beauty : The quality that gives pleasure to the mind or senses and is associated with such properties as harmony of form or color, excellence of artistry, truthfulness, and originality. (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition).
Beauty : The quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit: loveliness2: a beautiful person or thing; especially: a beautiful woman3: a particularly graceful, ornamental, or excellent quality4: a brilliant, extreme or egregious example or instance.("http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/beauty).
Human beauty : The quality of people gives to the mind or senses and is associated with such properties as harmony of or color, excellence of artistry, truthfulness, and originally.
Inner : Private and secret
External : outside
Nature : All the plants, animals and things that exists in the universe and are not made by people:
Why that things happen in the physical world when it is not controlled by people.
Nature :1. the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized.
2. A causal agent creating and controlling things in the universe.
3. The natural physical world including plants and animals and landscapes etc.
4. The complex of emotional and intellectual attributes that determine a person's characteristic actions and reactions.
5. A particular type of thing.
(“http://www.wordweb.com/dictionary/nature)
Nature :
Physical world : the physical world including all natural phenomena and living things.
Character
Character, personality, temperament, disposition, spirit, makeup, complexion, humor.
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Muse : (v) think about something: in a deep serious or dreamy and abstracted way.
Muse : (n) thoughtful state of deep thought (literary)
( 14th century.< Old French muser “meditate”).
Muse: think; think, fonder, consider, mull over, cogitate (formal), deliberate, reflect on, chew over, ruminate, contemplate, recollect, meditate, inspiration, inner spirit, motivation, creativeness, vision, brilliance, idea, revelation, brainstorm( US, Informal), insight, flash, etc.



CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. The Renaissance
The Renaissance series of literary and cultural movements in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. These movement began in Italy and eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of Europe. Participants studied the great civilization of ancient Greece and Rome and come to the conclusion that their own cultural achievements rivaled those of antiquity. Their thinking was also influenced by the concept of humanism which emphasizes the worth of the individual. Renaissance humanists believed it was possible to improve human society through classical education. This education relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range disciplines, including poetry, history, rhetoric (rules for writing influential prose or speeches ), and moral philosophy.
The word renaissance means “rebirth”. The idea of rebirth originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscovered the superiority of Greek and Roman culture of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. The preceding era, which began with the collapse of the Roman Empire around the 50th century, became known as the middle Ages to indicate its position between the classical and modern world.

2. 2. The Biography of William Shakespeare’s and his work
Likely the most influential writer in all of English literature and certainly the most important playwright of the English Renaissance, William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England. The son of a successful middle-class glove-maker, Shakespeare attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further. In 1582, he married an older woman, Anne Hathaway, and had three children with her. Around 1590 he left his family behind and traveled to London to work as an actor and playwright. Public and critical success quickly followed, and Shakespeare eventually became the most popular playwright in England and part owner of the Globe Theater. His career bridged the reigns of Elizabeth I (ruled 1558-1603) and James I (ruled 1603-1625); he was a favorite of both monarchs. Indeed, James granted Shakespeare's company the greatest possible compliment by endowing them with the status of king's players. Wealthy and renowned, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, and died in 1616 at the age of fifty-two. At the time of Shakespeare's death, such luminaries as Ben Jonson hailed him as the apogee of Renaissance theatre.
Shakespeare's works were collected and printed in various editions in the century following his death, and by the early eighteenth century his reputation as the greatest poet ever to write in English was well established. The unprecedented admiration garnered by his works led to a fierce curiosity about Shakespeare's life; but the paucity of surviving biographical information has left many details of Shakespeare's personal history shrouded in mystery. Some people have concluded from this fact that Shakespeare's plays in reality were written by someone else--Francis Bacon and the Earl of Oxford are the two most popular candidates--but the evidence for this claim is overwhelmingly circumstantial, and the theory is not taken seriously by many scholars.
In the absence of definitive proof to the contrary, Shakespeare must be viewed as the author of the 37 plays, 5 poems and 154 sonnets that bear his name. The legacy of this body of work is immense. A number of Shakespeare's plays seem to have transcended even the category of brilliance, becoming so influential as to affect profoundly the course of Western literature and culture ever after.
Although the entirety of Shakespeare's sonnets were not formally published until 1609 (and even then, they were published without the author's knowledge), an allusion to their existence appeared eleven years earlier, in Francis Meres' Palladis Tamia (1598), in which Meres commented that Shakespeare's "surged Sonnets" were circulating privately among the poet's friends. Approximately a year later, William Jaggard's miscellany, The Passionate Pilgrim, appeared, containing twenty poems, five of which are known to be Shakespeare's — two of the Dark Lady sonnets (Sonnets 138 and 144) and three poems included in the play Love's Labor’s Lost. Apparently these five poems were printed in Jaggard's miscellany without Shakespeare's authorization.

2.3. Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Sonnet is a poem normally of fourteen lines in any of several fixed verse and rhyme schemes, typically in rhymed iambic pentameter: sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. (Webster's New World College Dictionary)
Shakespeare's sonnets, or simply The Sonnets, is a collection of poems in sonnet form written by William Shakespeare that deal with such themes as love, beauty, politics, and mortality. They were probably written over a period of several years. All 154 poems appeared in a 1609 collection, entitled SHAKESPEARES SONNETS, comprising 152 previously unpublished sonnets and two (numbers 138 and 144) that had previously been published in a 1599 miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrim.
The Sonnets were published under conditions that have become unclear to history. Although the works were written by Shakespeare, it is not known if the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, used an authorized manuscript from him, or an unauthorized copy. Also, there is a mysterious dedication at the beginning of the text wherein a certain "Mr. W.H." is described as "the on lie begetter" of the poems by the publisher Thomas Thorpe, but it is not known who this man was. The dedication refers to the poet as "Ever-Living", a phrase which has helped fuel the Shakespearean authorship debate due to its use as an epithet for the deceased (Shakespeare himself used the phrase in this way in Henry VI, part 1 (IV, iii, 51-2) describing the dead Henry V as “[that ever-living man of memory”). Authorship proponents believe this phrase indicates that the real author of the sonnets was dead by 1609, whereas Shakespeare of Stratford lived until 1616. Adding further to the authorship debate, Shakespeare's name is hyphenated on the title page and on the top of every other page in the book.
The first 17 sonnets are written to a young man, urging him to marry and have children, thereby passing down his beauty to the next generation. These are called the procreation sonnets. Most of them, however, 18-126, are addressed to a young man expressing the poet's love for him. Sonnets 127-152 are written to the poet's mistress expressing his strong love for her. The final two sonnets, 153-154, are allegorical. The final thirty or so sonnets are written about a number of issues, such as the young man's infidelity with the poet's mistress, self-resolution to control his own lust, beleaguered criticism of the world, etc.
The sonnets are almost all constructed from three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter(a meter used extensively in Shakespeare's plays) with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg (this form is now known as the Shakespearean sonnet). The only exceptions are Sonnets 99, 126, and 145. Number 99 has fifteen lines. Number 126 consists of six couplets, and two blank lines marked with italic brackets; 145 is in iambic tetrameters, not pentameters. Often, the beginning of the third quatrain marks the Volta ("turn"), or the line in which the mood of the poem shifts, and the poet expresses a revelation or epiphany.
Shakespeare's sonnets are very different from Shakespeare's plays, but they do contain dramatic elements and an overall sense of story. Each of the poems deals with a highly personal theme, and each can be taken on its own or in relation to the poems around it. The sonnets have the feel of autobiographical poems, but we don't know whether they deal with real events or not, because no one knows enough about Shakespeare's life to say whether or not they deal with real events and feelings, so we tend to refer to the voice of the sonnets as "the speaker" as though he were a dramatic creation like Hamlet or King Lear.
There are certainly a number of intriguing continuities throughout the poems. The first 126 of the sonnets seem to be addressed to an unnamed young nobleman, whom the speaker loves very much; the rest of the poems (except for the last two, which seem generally unconnected to the rest of the sequence) seem to be addressed to a mysterious woman, whom the speaker loves, hates, and lusts for simultaneously. The two addressees of the sonnets are usually referred to as the "young man" and the "dark lady"; in summaries of individual poems, I have also called the young man the "beloved" and the dark lady the "lover," especially in cases where their identity can only be surmised. Within the two mini-sequences, there are a number of other discernible elements of "plot": the speaker urges the young man to have children; he is forced to endure a separation from him; he competes with a rival poet for the young man's patronage and affection. At two points in the sequence, it seems that the young man and the dark lady are actually lovers themselves--a state of affairs with which the speaker is none too happy. But while these continuities give the poems a narrative flow and a helpful frame of reference, they have been frustratingly hard for scholars and biographers to pin down. In Shakespeare's life, who were the young man and the dark lady.
Of all the questions surrounding Shakespeare's life, the sonnets are perhaps the most intriguing. At the time of their publication in 1609 (after having been written most likely in the 1590s and shown only to a small circle of literary admirers), they were dedicated to a "Mr. W.H," who is described as the "on lie begetter" of the poems. Like those of the young man and the dark lady, the identity of this Mr. W.H. remains an alluring mystery. Because he is described as "begetting" the sonnets, and because the young man seems to be the speaker's financial patron, some people have speculated that the young man is Mr. W.H. If his initials were reversed, he might even be Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, who has often been linked to Shakespeare in theories of his history. But all of this is simply speculation: ultimately, the circumstances surrounding the sonnets, their cast of characters and their relations to Shakespeare himself, are destined to remain a mystery.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

3.1. Design Methodology
In conducting this research the writer uses qualitative research. This kind of the research as stated by Bodgan C. R (1982; 27)

“Qualitative research has the natural setting as direct source data and the research is the key instrument in addition, mechanically recorded materials are vied in their entirely by the researches with the researcher’s insight.”
Based on the statement above, the writer may conclude that the instrument of this research is the researcher herself to collect and select data.

3.2. Data Collection
In carrying out this research the writer will choose some sources of data. In this case the writer will divide them into two categories: Primary Sources and Secondary Sources.
The primary source is the sonnets itself mean while
The secondary are the books which are relates to the process of analyzing the literary works.

3.3. Data analysis
In this research the writer interest to analyze the concept of beauty in “Sonnets 18 and 21”. Analyzing the sonnets is very interesting as a valuable tool to appreciate the literary work.
1. Through understanding on it.
2. Collects the data.
3. Comprehends and summarizes the sonnets.
4. Notes the important things from the sources.
Adopts statements and quotations from the books sonnets and use her opinion to support the research.

In this research the writer will use objective approach. As pointed out by Abrams M. H (1979:2). In The Mirror and Lamp:
“ Objective approach regard the work of art in isolation from all the external points of references, analyzes it as a self-sufficient entity constituted by its parts in their internal relations, and sets out of judge it solely by criteria intrinsic to its own mode of being ( 26 ).”
The objectives approach focuses on the analysis of the works itself and also the object of this research are literary work will support the writer in her analysis.











CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS

Nature and Human Beauty in Sonnet 18 and 21
In sonnet 18 and 21 Shakespeare relates to nature and human beauty by comparing nature and human beauty using metaphor and personification. According to Griffith there are some kinds of figurative language in poetry. These are metaphor and personification. However in these two sonnets, the writer found out that she needs to focus on two of them, these are metaphor and personification.
According to some sources: “Metaphor has both a general and a specific meaning. Generally, it means any analogy (an analogy is a partial similarity between two things upon which a comparison may be based). Specifically, metaphor means a particular kind of analogy and is contrasted with the simile.”(Griffith: 95).

According to some Indonesian sources:
“Metafora adalah pengungkapan berupa perbandingan analogis dengan menghilangkan kata seperti layaknya, bagaikan, dan lain-lain.”( Binar Agni, 2009 :107).
“Metafora adalah sejenis gaya bahasa perbandinganyan paling singkat, padat, tersusun rapi. Di dalamnya terlihat dua gagasan : yang satu adalah suatu kenyataan, sesuatu yang dipikirkan, yang menjadi obyek; dan yang satu lagi merupakan pembanding terhadap kenyataan tadi; dan kita menggantikan yang belakangan itu menjadi yang terdahulu tadi”(Tarigan, 1985: 183).
Metaphor has some definitions and all the definition proved that metaphor is a figurative language in form written or oral language form which is used in a paragraph to describe an image obviously through the comparison or contrast. Example: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day.
“Analogy in personification can be directly stated or implied. Like that the simile and metaphor in the poet has directly stated analogies. So, personification is act of expressing with something extended like inanimate object as human or person.”(Griffith: 96)
“Personifikasi adalah jenis majas yang melekatkan sifat-sifat insani kepada barang yang tidak bernyawa dan ide yang abstrak.”(Moelinono, 1984:3).
Means while, there is another terminology relevant to this sources. Personification is a figurative language which used in a paragraph which gives a characteristic or quality, i.e. personal quality to the lifeless things. Example: rose keep herself with thorn. When the poet develops just one analogy throughout the whole poem, it I called extended metaphor.”(Griffith: 96).

4.1. Nature and Human Beauty in Sonnet 18:
Human beauty is the quality of people that attracts to the mind or senses and is associated with properties the harmony of color, excellence of artistry, truthfulness. All these things can be seen in the Nature, in plants, animals and things that exist in the universe and are not man-made.
Nature and human beauty is in the eye of the beholder and the definition of beauty varies by race, culture, or era. In this sonnet 18 Shakespeare purposely chooses nature to be compared to love because nature is a beautiful creation of God. The term “Nature” is often used more extensively than just trees, rocks, and brushes. In sonnet 18 is about nature as we ordinarily know it such as summer, flower, sun light and so on.
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
(1,2)
In sonnet 18 Shakespeare uses nature as a comparison to human beauty by metaphor especially general metaphor. Generally metaphor means analogy (an analogy is a partial similarity between two things upon which a comparison may be based). On the first line Shakespeare refers “summer’s day” to “season” that means friend’s beauty. So here Shakespeare compares nature to human beauty. And he finds that the beauty is the attractive power of nature even sees the person he refers to as even more beautiful and more temperate than the summer’s day.
Rough winds do shake the darlings bud’s of May
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date
(3,4)
The poet continues to compare “thee” to the other elements of nature on line three, he compares “thee” to the darlings bud’s of May. According to him the beauty of “thee” can last longer than the beauty of the bud’s of May because those flowers can be destroyed by rough winds in any sonnet. So does he compares “thee” with “summer lease” “thee” exists longer than “summer’s lease” this here Shakespeare starts pointing to how short summer feels.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines
And often is his gold complexion dimm’d
(5,6)
When compared to “the of eye heaven”, which is too hot “, “thee’s” temperate is comfortable. And the golden appreciate of “The eye of heaven” or the sun even can compare to “thee” complexion which glow longer. On this line Shakespeare uses personification and the definition of personification is a figurative language which used in a paragraph which gives a characteristics or quality, i.e. personal quality to the lifeless things. In here Shakespeare described the sun of summer day is greatly variable and inflexible. Sometimes it came on too strongly and other day is obscured by clouds. Even as the “eye of heaven” the beauty of beauty sometimes declines and naturally untrimmed or untidy. The power here would like to give an ultimate convictions that the beauty of “thee” is more than the beauty of nature. Extended metaphor is also continued in “shines” and “dimm’d” since plants need light in order to flourish.
And every fair from fair sometime declines
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d
(7,8)
Starting in line seven has a literally meanings that explains itself. And “fairs” means beautiful, Shakespeare is saying that everything is beautiful must come to an end that all beauty fades except the one of his lover. Shakespeare said that the “fairs” are “thee” or who do not stay beautiful, but his things that it is the beauty of nature that “declines” as fall approaches. The line is an example of the reason why beauty fades. Chance makes untrimmed means the changing season. So in line seventh which is about how everything that is beautiful will lose some of its beauty over time. And “thee” Shakespeare specifies that something is changing by using the simple word but he goes on to explain that someone beauty will not die. Because “thee” is not going to lose her or his beauty.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st
(9,10)
Starting from line nine, the poet now says that “thee” possesses “eternal summer” will never fade nor lose the fearnessly “thee” has. And Shakespeare uses “but” in this poet means that this “thee” has a much greater balance and perfection than a summer’s day. Shakespeare admitted the summer itself as something beauty in itself, by saying that this “thee” eternal summer will not fade. The summer is sign of beauty in a season of love, warmth, happy feelings and well being. So “thee” is eternal, Shakespeare said if you see everything about nature definite connected “thee” with beauty and we can lose our possession because nature is beautiful. In continues line Shakespeare used “ow’st” it means both “owset” and “ownest” that is the beloved’s beauty is something “thee” owns.
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st
(11,12)
On line eleventh the poet continues his comparison by using personification. He personifies Death as somebody who brag his power or destroying something. In his sonnet even though “thee” wanders under the shade of death, but his or her beauty is eternal. Death cannot destroy the brag of “thee”. In the other words Shakespeare means the beloved will never die. However Shakespeare states that even though “thee” has the power to take away a life, it does not have the power to end love. And this here “shade” makes for a continuation of life plan extended with metaphor if your plan stuck in the shade that is some bad news. This eternal beauty as said in line twelve, Shakespeare using extended metaphor because the poet develops just one analogy throughout the poem and extended metaphor is completed. In this poem Shakespeare uses “eternal lines” which symbolizes that the beloved’s beauty will grow in this poem forever. This explains someone falling in love with someone special and these loves always grow and grow every time and he always said for his beloved you are so beautiful every day.
So long as men can breath, or eyes can see
So long lives this, and gives life to thee
(13,14)
On the concluding couplet, the poet convinces that the beauty of “thee” cannot die. He states that beauty lasts as long as the time does. Because when there is time, there is life. As long as there are men and eyes who can appreciate the beauty. This appreciates in turn keeps the beauty. And the final part of Shakespeare explains that as long as man inhabits the earth, the verse will always exist, and because of the existence of the verse the “thee” will live on forever in the words. His image and beauty will always be captured, he will remain immortal. The verse gives “thee” a meaning for immortality and eternal existence because it is more than the time barrier.
In sonnets 18 Shakespeare using two figurative languages those are general metaphor to show one object or idea having the same qualities as another and personification to emphasize these comparisons and make his theme clearer to his audience. In meaning general metaphor is means any analogy (an analogy is a partial similarity between two things upon which a comparison may be based) and Personification is a figurative language which used in a paragraph which gives a characteristic or quality, i.e. personal quality to the lifeless things. Shakespeare sonnets consist of words idea in a certain form, thoughts, emotion, and poetics devices. One way to interpret the sonnet is to think of “thee” that Shakespeare is referring to as a person. Following that line of thought the sonnet could read that Shakespeare is in love with someone who is consistently beautiful.
Shakespeare tries to compare this “thee” to summer but summer is not as beautiful or constant. Because a “summer’ day” is something with incredible beauty but is still not as beautiful Shakespeare love. The fact that Shakespeare chose to compare his love to a “summer’s day” and not day of another season helps to emphasize the eternity of his love and his poems. During the summer day are longer than in any other season. Even still Shakespeare love lasts longer than a summer’s day. Furthermore Shakespeare compares “the eye of heaven” having it is “gold complexion dimmed” it means the sun. And he uses the human characteristics of “complexion” and the sun setting in nature to show his idea that all things in nature advance and grow old over. And then Shakespeare compares a human life to the summer’s day when he speaks about “thy eternal summer.” These emphasize again Shakespeare idea that his love is “eternal” unlike other natural things.



4.2. Nature and Human Beauty in Sonnet 21:
In this sonnet 21 Shakespeare uses the figurative languages of metaphor and personification to compare nature and beauty. Shakespeare exalts beauty to compare it to the natural elements to describe beauty. Because in the sonnet 21 Shakespeare uses the things like sun, moon, earth and etc.
So is it not with me as with that Muse
Stirr’d by a painted beauty to his verse
(1,2)
On these lines Shakespeare uses figurative language that is personification because personification is a figurative language which is used in a paragraph and gives a characteristic or quality, i.e. personal quality to the lifeless things. So, in here Shakespeare compares the person with “Muse” that means like a man or a woman. And at the second line Shakespeare uses general metaphor to compare nature and beauty with “painted beauty” like beauty give by God to human to keep watch God’s creation because that is nature.
Who heaven itself for ornament doth use
And every fair with his fair doth rehearse
(3,4)
On the third line, Shakespeare describes the person he admired as an ornament that is used heaven or the sky. In this case, he uses personification on the sonnet. This person is very special in the poetics heart that he compared him or her to the ornament of heaven or sky. The poet thinks that the ornament of heaven is a very beautiful language in the nature that untouchable by human. On fourth line Shakespeare uses the phrase “every fair” that means every beautiful object in nature are represented by this person he admires so, this person has all the beauty in nature. Because beauty compatible nature so Shakespeare uses ornament for comparing.
Making a couplement of proud compare
With sun and moon, with earth and sea rich gems
(5,6)
Continuing this idea on the fifth line, Shakespeare says “Making a couplement of proud compare” means to know how nature is beautiful, Shakespeare has to compare two: his fair loved one and the various beautiful items in nature like the sun, moon, earth, and sea gems. When Shakespeare compares the person to natural elements like “with sun and moon, with earth and sea rich gems”, Shakespeare exalts nature because nature is beautiful. In this line Shakespeare uses general metaphor to compare two things between nature and beauty or the person.
With April’s first-born flowers, and all things rare
That heaven’s air in this huge rondure hems
(7,8)
On the seventh line Shakespeare uses “April first born, and all things rare” to be compared to the person He means that the first flowers in the spring are not more beautiful. Cause the person is very beautiful that made Shakespeare amazed. Shakespeare uses general metaphor in this case analogy (an analogy is a partial similarity between two things upon which a comparison may be based). In this sonnet “that heaven’s air in this huge rondure hems” means everyone who sees the person feel that he or she more than the things in “heaven air” to round the world and make his compare nature and human beauty because nature is not comparable with human beauty. So he uses all nature to compare beauty of the person.
O let me, true in love, but truly writes
And then believe me, my love is as fair
(9,10)
In this line Shakespeare reveals that he loves this person. This poet is as beautiful as he says in this poem “O let me true in love” because Shakespeare very exalts beauty of human so he wants every people trust him. Because the person is very beautiful until he rapture. Shakespeare says “but truly writes” that means it is true not lie, because every Shakespeare’s writing about the person it is true. “And then believe me, my love is as fair” that means that the person believe Shakespeare course he love is pure and he knows that.
As any mother’s child, though not so bright
As those gold candles fixed in heaven’s air
(11,12)
On the eleventh line Shakespeare still uses figurative language that is general metaphor for comparing nature and beauty. So, on the line Shakespeare comparing “as any mother’s child, thought not so bright” and “as those gold candles fixed in heaven’s air” this here means every mother loves her child because child is very important to her life and whatever the child looks like, the child is child very beautiful in her eyes. And the other mother always considers her child is beautiful not ugly. Every mother proud of child every day, and every child knows that. This here Shakespeare means anything it is beautiful when comparing with nature because nature is beauty and all human know that.
Let them say more that like of hearsay well
I will not praise that purpose not to sell
(13,14)
On the couplet “Let them say more that like of hearsay well” Shakespeare means let said every people think anything about the person but he do not care because this is my life and it is not arranged by anyone else. Although every people said the person not good but Shakespeare know the person very beautiful in his eyes because he admired beauty of the person and he thinks that why we have to hear other people said it is false not true. Which Shakespeare add line fourteen to completely all the verse so at the last line uses “I will not praise that purpose not to sell” means that Shakespeare know that some people are unlike the person because the person very beautiful until Shakespeare compares it with nature. And Shakespeare does not want to take be like the other people.
In conclusion of sonnet 21 Shakespeare also uses figurative language general metaphor and personification like “So is it not with me as with that Muse” that means he is not beautiful but the person. And then while the other line explain of the most beautiful things on the earth to enhance their poems. In here Shakespeare uses heaven ornament to compare beauty, because heaven ornament is nature. And Shakespeare consider that it is very beautiful, which Shakespeare explains from his heart that he interests the truth beauty. He wants to portray only what is real, not what is artificial and exaggerated. He wants his writing to reflect true beauty so his readers can actually believe what he says. Eventhough his love or his poetry is not as bright as the stars, because it is as wonderful as anything else in creation like “as any mother child”. And then Shakespeare uses “let them say more” that means he is not interested in direct or plain speaking.






CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion
After analyzing William Shakespeare poems “Sonnet 18” and “Sonnet 21”, the writer found that the two mentioned poems consists of nature and human beauty in sonnets. She found how the poet relates nature and human beauty in sonnet 18 and 21. The writer found that Shakespeare compares nature and human beauty using figurative language those are metaphor and personification to compare human beauty to nature.
In sonnet 18 Shakespeare uses general metaphor like “summer’s day” a part of nature to compare beauty, because nature is a beautiful creation by God and he compares it with beauty. Whereas the other figurative language that is personification like “sun” to compare with beauty means “thee”, so Shakespeare uses “summer’ day” and “sun” to explain about beauty.
In sonnet 21 Shakespeare compares nature and beauty by using figurative language that is metaphor especially general metaphor because metaphor has both a general and a specific meaning. And he uses personification to compare nature and beauty. This poet uses “heaven” or the sky with heaven ornament to compare the beauty of a person with his beautiful verses or words. Shakespeare uses those embellished words to convince everybody about the human beauty of the people he admires. Eventhough everybody may say that the person Shakespeare refer to is beautiful he does not care about any contrary opinion about this.

5.2. Suggestion
Since this is the first attempt to the writer does a research in literature, the writer hopes that this work will be useful for other students who want to study literature, especially poetry. Because we can find valuable things by studying sonnets for it reflects life condition and contains message about life itself.
William Shakespeare created a literary work in poetry and contributed many things about life to his poem. Shakespeare’s works are still relevant until now, because values in them are rarely found in now a day’s works and they are worth studying. In his works we can also find the sincerity of meaning which cannot be found in today’s works where people sometimes praise others beauty, because they have particular purposes in it.
For further research, the writer suggests that idea of immortality example in sonnet 20 “A women’s face, with Nature’s own hand painted” (1) and sonnet 21 “O, let me true in love, but truly write” (9), because Shakespeare knows love is immortality and human beauty is beautiful in the heart of everyone in the world. If you learn literary you will know the Shakespeare’s literary works. In this sonnet like which pours out in many of Shakespeare works may be an interesting choice.












B I B L I O G R A P H Y
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Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling bud’s of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d
But they eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe , or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and gives life to thee.





Sonnet 21
So is it not with me as with that Muse
Stirr’s by a painted beauty to his verse,
Who heaven itself for ornament doth use,
And every fair with his fair doth rehearse;
Making a couplement of proud compare,
With sun and moon, with earth and sea rich gems,
With April’s first-born flowers, and all things rare
That heaven’s air in this huge rondure hems.
O, let me true in love, but truly write,
And then believe me, my love is as fair
As any mother’s child, though not so bright
As those gold candles fixt in heaven’s air:
Let them say more that like of hearsay well;
I will not praise that purpose not to sell.

By:William Shakespeare

Acknowledgement
First of all the writer would like to lift up her thanks to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ, For His blessing and lead throughout her life. She believes that nothing can be done without GOD’s help. This skripsi is entitled “Nature and Human beauty by William Shakespeare in Sonnet 18 and 21”. It is carried out to fulfill the requirement of “Sarjana sastra” degree on English Education.
In finishing this skripsi, the writer has obtained many help from many people. Therefore, she would like to extend her gratitude to her advisor Dra Y. I Meray, M. Hum change position to Dra T Mogea M. Hum and I. Lolowang, S Pd M. A for their valuable ideas and correction during the process of writing this skripsi. A deep appreciation is directed to the following parties for their help in administrative requirement:
1. Rector of Manado State University, Prof. Dr. Ph. Tuerah, M. Si DEA
2. Dekan of Language and Arts Faculty, Dr Freddy DJ. Rorong, M. Hum
3. Head and Secretary of English Education Department, Dra T. Mogea, M.Hum and Dra Z. E. Oroh, M. Hum and head of Language and Literature Study Program Dra T. Olii, M. Hum
4. All of lecturers of English Education Department
5. All of lecturers and administrative staffs of FBS UNIMA
6. The head of library of UNIMA and all of administrative staffs of the library.
Then, the writer also expresses her thanks and gratitude to her lovely parents E. Laratmase and Yos. S. W. Melmanbessy for all the support, Sister Meilinda Laratmase, All My Family in Maluku Tenggara, Manado and Bitung, and My boyfriend Rintho Rauf. And my sister and brother An L, Ocha L, Andre K, Chris P, Onyong R, Iwa, Enda, Piter M, Dessy M, John M, Paula M, Weli I, Ade Lani, Leli, Nobel T, Erens R, Erick R, Ka Vivi S.Pd and Om Rudy, Ka Neni S.Th and Om Berty, Ka Henny, Antonio and Om Jhon, Diana, Eyan, Erly, Itos, Ka Engel, Ka Babe, Om Yus, Kia, Joshua, Junior, Ia, Umi, Ka Wan, Mama Na, Papa Udin, tanta Ita and Om Tam, tante In,tanta Maria and Om Ferry, Ka An T, Ka Ike and Ade Mei friends in Psychology.
The writer also wants to say thanks for her beloved friends, The All fairies ( Aurilia A. K, Deby S. L, S.s, Pettri Y. P,S.s Retno W,S.s, Frence N, Gleidy. R, Septiani Th. P and Mecky. F. H S.Pd), Dhion ,S.s, Lisa S.s, Marcos S.s, Marco W, Nitha, Frilly, Gina, Geby, Yana, Andre G, Andrew M, Kiky, Stevi S, Ocha S.s, Inul, Beci, Rachelia L, Ka Dina, Ka Maya, Ka Siska, Nevy, Lily, Inang, Esther, Lisa W S.Pd, Tanta Uli, Syalom and family, tanta Keke and Anggie, Dedy P, Christian, Agus, Fanly, Nova C S.s, Ebe, Julita, Rachelia L, Alan, Ellen and Family, Ibu kost Prenael with family and others friend.
The writer can give nothing, but she prays that may God always give all the best to us and be with us now and days ahead. Thank you and be blessed.
Manado, 2009
The writer,

Antonia J Laratmase